Hand Holding Approach in fish rearing under MGMG Programme in Haryana

 With an objective to provide the technical scientific technical know-how for enhancing the farm income by reducing the unnecessary inputs under the Mera Gaon Mera Gaurav (MGMG) Scheme, a flagship programme of the Government of India, the team of ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana’s scientists has adopted a cluster of 5 villages in Jind and Karnal Districts of Haryana. For this, the team is promoting fish farming for diversifying the distressed farmers’ income spheres. The fish farm located at Dhatrath, Jind is spread in an area of about 12.5 acres with effective area into three quarters of 6, 4 and 2.5 acres. The fishes grown in the farm are the Indian Major Carps (IMCs), Catla, Rohu and Mrigal along with the common carps. The farmer reported two diseases outbreaks after 3 months of stocking.

During the first outbreak, the morphological examination of the dead and morbid fish showed pale skin color covered with mucus and pale gills. The anchor worm, Lernaeids, was lodged on the external body surface and gills of the fish. The fishes were emaciated with loss of appetite. The farmer was advised to apply cypermethrin for multiple times over the water surface for a week. After a few days, the fishes responded to the treatment and gained weight with good response to feed.

In the second outbreak, the fishes showed hemorrhage on the fins, gills and internal organs. The problem in water quality was the reason which resulted in stress and infection in fishes. But, the clinical diagnosis has ascertained that Aeromonads may be the possible etiological agent. The main control measure was the application of CIFAX @ 0.1ppm over pond for three times in a week which checked the mortality and the fishes recovered from the hemorrhagic septicemia. The farmer was in usual practice of applying antibiotics and several other chemicals to get better growth of fishes which raised the rearing cost without any significant benefit.

Fish farming video is here.

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With the help of advisories by the MGMG team, the farmers have reduced 53% in monthly farm input cost and got significant hike in returns. The farmer has fully endorsed the services rendered by the ICAR-CSSRI scientists by visualizing the improvement in the health of the fishes, reduction in mortality rate and low input costs of rearing by avoiding the unnecessary use of chemicals and other inputs. Such small interventions at farm levels can prove a milestone in doubling the farmers’ income by 2022.

(Source: ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana)

ICAR-NBAIR curtails dangerous Invasive Rugose Spiralling Whitefly through Innovative Biocontrol Strategies

 The ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru’s scientists first recorded the highly polyphagous Invasive Rugose Spiralling Whitefly (RSW), Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin on Coconut at Pollachi, Tamil Nadu in 2016. Subsequently, the pest rapidly spread to all coconut growing Districts in India causing extensive damage to the coconut plantations and panicked farmers resorted to spraying of chemical pesticides, but, this turned out to be a temporary fix.

  

The ICAR-NBAIR identified the aphelinid parasitoid Encarsia guadeloupae causing natural parasitism of 56% to 82%. The farmers were trained in identifying, mass production and distribution of the parasitoid and were strictly advised not to apply the chemical pesticides. The parasitoids multiplied rapidly and natural parasitism increased phenomenally, thus, preventing the severe outbreaks. The growers were advised to grow Banana and Canna indica as banker plants for conservation and augmentation of the parasitoid.

Coconut plantation video

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In a major breakthrough, the ICAR-NBAIR identified and developed a highly effective entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria fumosorosea (ICAR-NBAIR pfu-5) and field tested it in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Maharashtra. The fungus was effective in killing all the life stages of the pest. The pest mortality recorded was up to 91%. Talc, rice grain and oil formulations were developed with long shelf life. The formulations of the pathogen were freely distributed to the affected farmers. Due to its high field efficacy, there is a huge demand for the biocontrol agent from the coconut farming community. Thus, the ICAR-NBAIR was successful in developing biocontrol strategies for the efficient management of the RSW within a short span of time. The economic analysis indicated that about Rs. 9,500 / ha crop protection cost and 900 ml of pesticides / ha are being currently saved.

(Source: ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru)

Smt. Anjanaben Gamit: A Civil Engineer-turned-Women Entrepreneur in Mushroom Cultivation

Otherwise, a Civil Engineer by profession, Smt. Anjanaben Gamit used to live as a normal person in the society. But, as was destined, she got successful in realizing her dream to secure livelihood in general and tribals, in particular without land / marginal land. An article on Oyster Mushroom Cultivation published by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tapi in the Agro-Sandesh gave direction to her dreams. Following this, she visited the KVK and opted for the Mushroom cultivation under the guidance of KVK scientists.

  

Moving forward to realize her dream, she joined a four-day training programme on “Entrepreneurship development through Mushroom Cultivation” at the KVK, Tapi and decided to initiate the mushroom cultivation during 2017 at available resources with the technical guidance from KVK, Vyara. For this, she prepared a mushroom growing house in the parking shed by using bamboo and green shade net along four sides. She was also supplied with all the inputs, viz., spawn (mushroom seed), polythene bags, seeds and chemicals (Carbendazim & formalin) along with the follow-up visits and technical guidance by the KVK scientists.

  

On starting the mushroom cultivation for the first time in October, 2017, she harvested about 140 kg Mushroom with a value of Rs. 28,000/- in a simple small low cost shed (Size 15’ x 10’) within 2.5 months by investing Rs. 11,000 as production cost.

Smt. Anjanaben’s success in mushroom production from October, 2017 to March, 2019 and 18 months experience in mushroom cultivation motivated her to extend the mushroom production unit. So, she enlarged his mushroom house (size of 23’x80’) by investing additional Rs. 1,72,000/- during 2019-20.

From April, 2019 to December, 2019, she used 250 kg spawn and  produced 1,234 kg of mushroom with a gross income of Rs. 3,08,500/-. The total cost of production was Rs. 88,350/-. By this way, she earned a net profit of Rs. 2,20,150/- during 2019-20.

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With all the support from the relatives, social contacts and based on demand, she packed 100 to 200 grams packets and sold them in Vyara town through Anganwadi workers, retail shopkeepers and vegetable vendors. The telephonic booking of mushrooms, made the marketing easier. She also started the sale of mushrooms from the “Organic market desk - selling organic produce from organic producer to direct consumer” commenced by Collector, Tapi District.

For her achievements, Smt. Anjanaben not only got recognition in her nearby areas, but has also been felicitated by the Government of India too.

(Source: Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Navsari Agricultural University, Tapi, Gujarat)

Shri Chandra Shekhar Tiwari - A farmer with technological interventions of ICAR-IISR achieves high profit from sugarcane cultivation in Narsinghpur

 Shri Chandra Shekhar Tiwari, an innovative and a passionate farmer of Narsinghpur (Madhya Pradesh) achieves more than double profit from the sugarcane-based field crops production. Prior to his entry in the farming field, Shri Tiwari was a Professor in the Government College at Narsinghpur. After superannuation, he started the farming of field crops applying the traditional package of practices known as HAVELI system of cultivation in his ancestral land. But, being unsatisfied with the yield and returns of the crops grown, he visited the different research Institutions across the country and had at-length discussions with the scientists at different locations to solve the problems related to low yield of field crops. He then thought of the sugarcane cultivation as a profitable option for the farmers of Narsinghpur District due to its stable and assured price at harvest in sugar mills or at jaggery producing units in the area.

  

Shri Tiwari decided to begin sugarcane farming and grew around 35 to 40 tonnes of sugarcane in one ha of land. But, his dream was to produce at least 75 to 80 tonnes per ha of sugarcane with the adoption of latest sugarcane production technologies. On visiting the ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, he had in-depth discussion with the Institute’s Director about the problem of low sugarcane productivity in Narsinghpur. Dr. A.D. Pathak, Director, ICAR-IISR constituted a team of Institute’s scientists for assessing the possible reasons behind low productivity of sugarcane in the area and also for suggesting the remedial measures for its improvement.

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Technological interventions of ICAR-IISR and its impact on higher yield and profit in the district:

By visiting the sugarcane areas of Narsinghpur District from time-to-time at different occasions, the ICAR-IISR scientists suggested the various remedial measures for the prevalent soil and agro-climatic conditions of the area. Shri Tiwari and his fellow farmers have been in constant touch with the Institute’s scientists.

With the help of the ICAR-IISR, Lucknow’s technological interventions, most of the sugarcane farmers of the District are harvesting cane yield to the tune of 75 to 80 tonnes / ha from 2017-18 cropping season which is 32.90% higher than that of cane yield (52.0 t / ha) being harvested up to 2016-17 cropping seasons.

Initially, the farmers were advised to take utmost care for the improvement of the soil fertility by adopting the principles of organic farming in sugarcane-based cropping systems. The Institute’s outreach programme conducted in the District as a campaign encouraged the farmers to start adopting the green manuring of Dhaincha, soil incorporation of crop residues / sugar factory wastes and other organic manures with inoculation of microbial consortia. It has significantly improved the organic carbon content of Narsinghpur soils from 0.36% in 2014-15 to 0.76% in 2018-19 cropping season that led to the high crops yield with saving of 15% to 20% nitrogenous fertilizers.

Shri Tiwari made sugarcane cultivation successful and much profitable in undulated topography too using sprinkler irrigation and following the path of the Hon’ble Prime Minister’s ambitious project for “More Crop per Drop of Water”.

On the scientists’ advice for the Moist Hot Air Treatment (MHAT) of seed cane before planting and removal and destruction of cane clumps after infection in the crop, the farmers have now started growing diseased free and healthy seed cane nurseries using single bud set of sugarcane with the saving of 60% to 65% of the precious seed cane material.

The farmers learnt about the advantages of early planting of sugarcane in September to October and taking other popular crops as intercrops namely; potato, gram, pea, coriander, garlic, onion, etc., with cane for higher production potentials and economic returns. The ICAR-IISR’s technical interventions impacted significantly and covered 35% cane acreage is under intercropping of gram, garlic, onion, potato, cabbage, etc., with September to October planted sugarcane at 150 to 180 cm apart facilitating mechanization in sugarcane agriculture. They are presently getting high profit with the average B:C ratio of 2.11 as against 1.15 in 2014-15 from sugarcane-based intercropping system.

The vigorous campaigns were organized for stopping the crop residues burning to make soil and environment healthy. With Shri Tiwari’s help and concerted efforts, the scientists succeeded in making Narsinghpur as crops residue burning free District in Madhya Pradesh by making the farmers aware about its ill effects.

(Source: ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh)

The Role of Anti-Transpirant In Improving Crop Growth And Yield Potential

Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves, stems, and flowers. Water is necessary for plants but only a small amount of water taken up by the roots is used for growth and metabolism, near about 99% of adsorbed water is lost by plants through the transpiration process. Transpiration occurs mainly through the stomatal apertures and can be called as necessary devils of plants. In this process, the opening of the stomata allows the movement of water from leaf to air through water potential difference between leaf and ambient air and causes liquid loss of water. Transpiration helps to keep water balance of the plants, changes osmotic pressure of cells, and enables mass flow of mineral nutrients and water from roots to shoots. Two major factors influence the rate of water flow from the soil to the roots: the hydraulic conductivity of the soil and the magnitude of the pressure gradient through the soil. Both of these factors influence the rate of bulk flow of water moving from the roots to the stomatal pores in the leaves via the xylem.  If the water potential in the ambient air is lower than the water potential in the leaf airspace of the stomatal pore, water vapor will travel down the gradient and move from the leaf airspace to the atmosphere. This movement lowers the water potential in the leaf airspace and causes evaporation of liquid water from the mesophyll cell walls. Thus the transpiration process occurs within the plant cell. This process is an unavoidable evil as stomata also allows the gaseous exchange of plants simultaneously.

Therefore the principle of regulating transpiration from the plant is nowadays the greatest concern as a means of water conservation. It can be reduced without a comparable reduction in photosynthesis because the diffusion resistance of the stomata constitutes a greater fraction of the whole diffusion pathway for water vapour than for CO₂.It indicates water can be saved without a significant reduction in crop growth. Therefore, the use of antitranspirant in a larger extent need to be followed. Some basic concepts of antitranspirant is discussed below-

Antitranspirants are substances applied to the plants for the purpose of reducing transpiration (water loss) without causing a significant effect on other plant processes, such as photosynthesis & growth. They have also been used to protect leaves from salt burn and fungal diseases. These are also called as transpirant suppressants, best transpirants can reduce transpiration loss up to 30-40%.

How they reduce Transpiration (water loss):

Antitranspirants may reduce transpiration in three different ways:

1. By reducing the absorption of solar energy and thereby reducing leaf temperatures and transpiration rates.

2.    By forming thin transparent films which hinder the escape of water vapors from the leaves.

3.  By promoting closure of stomata (by affecting the guard cells around the stomatal pore), thus decreasing the loss of water vapors from the leaf.

Types of Antitranspirants:

1.      Stomatal closing type: They induce stomatal closing or decrease size and number of stomata which subsequently reduce the photosynthesis. Example, Phenyl Mercuric Acetate(PMA), Abscisic Acid(ABA), and high Co₂ Conc. The closing of stomata affects the rate of CO₂ diffusion into leaf leading towards a low rate of photosynthesis.

 

a) PMA is a widely used chemical for the stomatal closer. When Phenyl Mercuric Acetate is sprayed at very low concentrations, results in a partial closure of stomata for 2 weeks. But it has disadvantages that it is toxic to veg and fruit crops. It inhibits the phosphorylation process and causes damage to foliage by blocking photosynthesis. Although success is reported at glasshouse studies and effectiveness is limited at field conditions.

b) CO₂ is also an effective antitranspirant. A little rise is conc. From 0.03-0.05% induces partial closure of stomata and its higher conc. can result in complete closure of stomata affecting adversely photosynthesis and respiration process.

c) ABA induces stomatal closing, thus reducing excess water loss from leaves and consequently water uptake from roots. Based on this stress alleviation function, ABA can be considered as a metabolic antitranspirant to protect plants under stress conditions (Mansfield, 1976)

d) Herbicides such as triazine, atrazine, simazine which are the inhibitors of Electron Transport Chain at QA and QB sites but at the lower concentration they can also be used as antitranspiratns.

 

2.      Film-forming type: Plastic and waxy material which form a thin colorless film over the leaf surface and result in a physical barrier. These glossy films then reduce water loss on plants while at the same time allow them to breathe normally by passing CO₂ into leaves through lower epidermis. Colorless plastics, silicone oils, low viscosity waxes are some examples of film-forming types. They can also be divided into two category-

a)      Thin-film forming type- Hexadeconol

b)     Thick film-forming type- Mobileaf, polythene S-60

c)   Other-examples are Cetyl alcohol, Methanol, Tracotanol, Paclobutrazol, Brassinollide, Resorcinol, etc.

 

Disadvantages-

o   Affects only at low temp but not at a high temp.

o   Comes in the way of gas exchange.

o   Form the mechanical barrier for stomatal movement.

 

 

3.     Reflecting type: These are most commonly clay-based and increase the reflection of light from leaf surface thus reducing leaf heating and vapor pressure gradient from leaf to atmosphere, thus water losses can be reduced. The water is loss is reduced without affecting CO₂ assimilation. Example- Kaolinite(Kaolin), Lime water( Limewash). Kaoline normally sprayed at 2-5 % and form a thin film coating on the leaf surface. Other- Celite( diatomaceous earth), hydrated lime, calcium carbonate, Mg carbonate, Zinc sulfate, etc.

 

4.    Growth retardant: These chemicals reduce shoot growth and increase root growth and thus enable the plants to resist drought. They may also induce stomatal closure. Example- Cycocel, Phosphon-D, Maleic Hydrazide(MH), CCC[( 2-chloroethyl) Trimethyl ammonium chloride].

Effects on Field Crops and Plants:

An increase in yield of an annual crop was observed after the application of antitranspirants. Meider(1967) found that the stimulation of opening in barley by photosynthesis, through there was also evidence of a more direct effect on stomata mechanism. According to Rao and Bhatt(1990), Kaolinite was the most effective antitranspirant at all the growth stages of onion crops. Ibrahima and Selim(2010) found that irrigation every 12 days intervals combined with spraying kaolin at 6% concentration to summer squash cv. Eskandrani might give the chance for increasing water use efficiency and produce satisfactory and good marketable fruit yield under similar conditions of this work. Peter.S.Kettlewell 2014 shows that film antitranspirants applied to wheat before the drought-sensitive stage of meiosis can increase yield, despite reducing photosynthesis, and that this increase is associated with improved pollen viability. 

 

Reference:

·   “Antitranspirants”. Agriinfo.in. N.p., 2016. Web. 5 Mar. 2016.

·   “Can Antitranspirants And Antidesiccants Improve Vegetable Transplant Survival? Weekly Crop Update”. Agdev.anr.udel.edu. N.p., 2016. Web. 5 Mar. 2016.

·   http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in

·   Meidner, H. (1967): The effect of kietin on stomatal opening and the rate of intake of carbon dioxide in mature primary leaves of barley.J.exp. Bot. 18, Page(s): 556-561

·   Mansfield, T . A. (1976): Delay in the response of stomata to abscisic acid in CO2-free air. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol 11, Page: 559.

·   Rao, N.K.S, Bhatt,R.M.(1990):Responses of onion to antitranspirants-plant water balance. Plant Physiology & Biochemistry.Vol.17 No.2,page(s):69-74

·   Ibrahima and Selim(2010): Effect of irrigation intervals and antitranspirant(Kaolin) on summer squash(Cucurbita pepo L.)growth, yield, quality, and economics. Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering Article 8, Volume 1, Issue 8, Page(s): 883-894

·   Peter S.Kettlewell (2014 ): Waterproofing Wheat — A Re-Evaluation of Film Antitranspirants in the Context of Reproductive Drought Physiology. Outlook on Agriculture,Volume: 43 issue: 1, page(s): 25-29

Role of Conservation Agriculture in Food Security

What is Conservation Agriculture (CA)?

It is defined as a sustainable agriculture production system comprising a set of farming practices adapted to the requirements of crops and local conditions of each region, whose farming and soil management techniques protect the soil from erosion and degradation, improve its quality and biodiversity, and contribute to the preservation of the natural resources, water, and air, while optimizing yields. It can also be useful in restoring natural resources.

Why conservation agriculture is needed?

Approximately one-third of the planet’s soils are degraded. In many countries, intensive crop production has depleted soils, to the extent that future production in these areas is jeopardized. Healthy soils are key to developing sustainable crop production systems that are resilient to the effects of climate change. As for the feeding of the burgeoning population of the earth, it is really very difficult for all agriculturists to increase the crop productivity levels towards achieving sustainable development goals.

            Nowadays, we are facing problems in modern agriculture- (a) have limited resources (energy, water, nutrient), (b) increasing demand but low supply of good quality products, (c) increasing environmental pollution and global warming, (d) less skilled labour, lack of awareness among farmers about improved modern technology, (e) much more dependency on the import of agricultural products from foreign markets lead us towards uncertainty in food production in the future. Therefore, we are searching for a new technology to eliminate above limitation, for these contexts the term, conservation agriculture comes in existence.

 Global scenario-

CA is now practiced globally in about 125 M ha in all continents and all agricultural ecologies, including in the various temperate environments. While in 1973/74 CA systems covered only about 2.8 M ha worldwide, the area had grown in 1999 to 45 M ha, and by 2003 to 72 M ha. In the last 11 years, CA systems have expanded at an average rate of more than 7 M ha per year showing the increased interest of farmers and National governments in this alternate production method (Theodor Friedrich et al., 2012).

Techniques to be adopted

Current practices	Recommended practices
Biomass burning and residue removal	Residue returned as surface mulch
Conventional and clean cultivation	Conservation agriculture based crop management
Bare/idle farrow	Growing cover crops during offseason
Continuous monoculture	Crop rotation with high diversity
Low input subsistence farming and soil mining	Judicious use of off farm input
Intensive use of chemical fertilizer	INM with bio-solids nutrient cycling and precision farming
Intensive cropping	Integrated crop, livestock and tress production system
Surface flood irrigation	Surface/buried drip, furrow irrigation
Indiscriminate use of pesticide	Integrated pest management
Cultivating marginal soils	Conservation reserve the program, restoration of degraded soils through land-use change

                                                                                                                                      (Lal, R.2004)

Principles of Conservation of Agriculture -

             

             

Benefits of conservation agriculture

1. It helps in increasing soil cover over the soil surface.
2. It prevents runoff and soil loss by wind erosion.
3. It enhances sustainable crop yield.
4. It improves water and nutrient use efficiency.
5. It mitigates the greenhouse emission from crop field.
6. It helps in recycling and increasing availability of plant nutrients.
7. It imparts minimum soil disturbances, thus enhancing C sequestration and improving soil quality by increasing organic matter content.
8. It reduces crop loss due to weed infestation and more evaporation from the barren field.
9. It improves the biological activity in the soil with an increased number of microorganisms.
10. It overall helps in developing climate-smart agriculture strategy.

 

Indian context

In India, efforts to adopt and promote conservation agriculture technologies have been underway for nearly a decade but it is only in the last 8 – 10 years that the technologies are finding rapid acceptance by farmers. Efforts to develop and spread the conservation agriculture has been made through the combined efforts of several State Agricultural Universities, ICAR institutes and the Rice-Wheat Consortium for the Indo-Gangetic Plains. The spread of technologies is taking place in India in the irrigated regions in the Indo-Gangetic plains where rice-wheat cropping systems dominate. Conservation agriculture systems have been also tried or promoted in other major agro-ecoregions like rainfed semi-arid tropics. Spread of these technologies is taking place mainly in the irrigated regions of the Indo-Gangetic plains where the rice-wheat cropping system dominates. The focus of developing and promoting conservation technologies have been on zero-till seed-cum fertilizer drill for the sowing of wheat in the rice-wheat system. Other interventions include raised-bed planting systems, laser equipment aided land leveling, residue management practices, implementation of happy seeder like machines, alternatives to the rice-wheat system etc. It has been reported that the area planted with wheat adopting the zero-till drill has been increasing rapidly (Sangar et al., 2005), and presently 25% – 30% of wheat is zero-tilled in rice-wheat growing areas of the Indo-Gangetic plains of India. In addition, raised-bed planting and laser land leveling are also being increasingly adopted by the farmers of the north-western region ( Bhan and Behera 2015).

Problem and solution for adoption of conservation agriculture-

It is very difficult to convince the farmers to go for adaptation of C.A in a large extent. But, nowadays, it becomes a route of attaining sustainable development goals. There are a few problems and possible solutions for successful adaptation of C.A in India.

a)      Air pollution due to burning of crop residue-  In most of the parts of north India, residues are burnt due to considering as a waste materials because of avoiding delayed sowing of succeeding crop which can be managed through proper use of machinery and technique under Conservation Agriculture.

b)      Lack of capital among farmers- most of the Indian farmers are small and marginal who can’t effort the charge of high-cost machinery needed for C.A practices. But some custome hiring centers are working well to overcome the problem at a reasonable cost for farming community. Governments are also providing subsidy on purchasing of improved farm machinery along with some C.A machines

c)      C.A promotes weed infestation- Actually, residue mulching, IWM, herbicide application, crop covering prevent the reduction of weed emergence in the lower depth of soil in the long turn.

d)      Reduction in crop productivity- If it is performed in a holistic manner along with considering all principal of C.A then it can give yield more than equal to the convention agriculture practices and can reduce the number of tillage practices which will help in decreasing the cost of cultivation and making it more economical.

Conclusion

Conservation agriculture now becomes a new strategy to combat the resource degradation problem and giving focus on achieving food production target in India. Mainly success of C.A relay upon efficient breeding programme, C.A based implements, good crop management strategy which makes C.A more adaptive and remunerative to the farmers. In future days, conservation agriculture may serve as a win-win technology by reducing greenhouse gas emission; saving of water, labour, and energy; Carbon loss from soil, nutrient overloading and finally provides protection to environmental degradation. C.A offers not only improved land and water productivity but also makes a multi-disciplinary approach by amalgating all resource conservation technology in a location-specific manner for achieving sustainable food production.

 

Reference

1.Theodor Friedrich et al.,2012- https://journals.openedition.org/factsreports/1381

2. Suraj Bhan and U. K. Behera- International Soil and Water Conservation Research, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2014, pp. 1-12

3. Sangar, S., Abrol, J. P., & Gupta, R. K. (2005). Conservation Agriculture: Conserving Resources Enhancing Productivity, 19 p. CASA, NASC Complex, New Delhi.

 

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